1) pectoralis minor strech

 

It may indicate that humeral elevation and external rotation to 90 are important components of pectoralis minor stretching

 

performed bilaterally streching, which may be more effective prevent trunk rotation toward the side of the stretch, because of this mechanical block

 

 

2) posterior capsule stretch (sleeper strech)

 

3) Latissimus dorsi strech

 

4) Thoracic mobility exercise

 

# Effect of posture on pain and ROM

Thoracic kyphosis may not be an important contributor to the devepopment of shoulder pain. While there is evidence that reducing thoracic kyphosis facilitates greater shoudler ROM

 

5) Shoulder muscle exercise

Conservative, Post OP treatment

large to massive tear, delay postop treatment

Impingement, early postop strengthening

 

 

6) Deltoid, Pectoralis, and Latissimus dorsi in large and massive RC tear

in mRCT, The PM and LD muscles are effective in improving glenohumeral kinematics and reducing acromiohumeral pressures

Increased activation of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is an attempt to compensate for the deficient rotator cuff

Humeral head deprssor exercises (pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi)

Deltoid rehabilitation program is suitable for elderly patients with massive rotator cuff tears

7) OKC strengthening exercise

8)  more effect isolates position of supra from deltoid

30 of abduction, mild ER, and 30 of flexion

9) posterior capsular stretch VS capsular stretch + mobilization

 

 

Combination of the cross-arm stretch plus joint mobilization may be an even more effective method for treatment of posterior shoudler tightness.

 

10) Posterior mobilization

 

11) Effective position in inferior mobilization

 

Maximal inferior translation with minimal force was found when a grade 3 mobilization was performed in the OPP

 
 

12) Mobilization with movement (MWM)

▷ Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

 

Reference

 

The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure

 

L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.

 

Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion

 

Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men

 

Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.

 

 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises

 

P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.

 

 

Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307

 

Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss

 

Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder

 

The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK

 

Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author links open overlay panelJosé A.Delgado-GilPTaEvaPrado-RoblesOTbDaiana P.Rodrigues-de-SouzaPT, MsCcJoshua A.ClelandPT, PhDdCésarFernández-de-las-PeñasPT, PhDeFranciscoAlburquerque-SendínPT, PhDf

 

 

 

 

 

'물리치료 공부' 카테고리의 다른 글

4. Impingement Syndrome의 이학적 검사  (0) 2022.01.06
Impingement Syndrome의 정의  (0) 2022.01.02
Core exercise (bracing)  (0) 2020.10.18
Core  (0) 2020.10.18
척추전방전위증(Spondylolisthesis)  (0) 2020.10.04

1) ROM test

2) Pain area

Motion pain was significantly more common than was rest pain or night pain

Anterior & lateral area

suff tendinitis (P < .0119)

shoudlers with torn rotator cuffs ( P < .0183)

 

3) NIP(negative intra-articular pressure)

Important role in limiting ingerior translation

(when muscle and ligament are relax)

>However, negative intra-articular pressuer is not a major contributor to shoudler stability during weight-bearing

4) Alignment

Humeral head relative to acromion - no more than 1/3 of humeral head anterior to anterolateral corner of acromion

Resting position of glenohumeral joint - 0 flexion or extension

 

 

5) Latissmus dorsi tightness test

6) Painful arc 

7) Provocation test

Neer test

Hawkins kennedy test

Yergason test

Empty can test

 

8) Postural dysfunction

 

setting of a subject for measuring shoulder range of motion with a controller lightly touching the subject's sternum during (a) erect, (b) comfortable slouched, and (c) maximum slouched postures.

Increased kyphosis , scapular internal rotation

Decreased shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation

9) Forward neck posture

10) Posterior capsular tightness (GIRD)

 

 

Side to side differences > 20

Total rotation motion deficit > 5

 

Reference

 

The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure

 

L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.

 

Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion

 

Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men

 

Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.

 

 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises

 

P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.

 

 

Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307

 

Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss

 

Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder

 

The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK

 

Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author links open overlay panelJosé A.Delgado-GilPTaEvaPrado-RoblesOTbDaiana P.Rodrigues-de-SouzaPT, MsCcJoshua A.ClelandPT, PhDdCésarFernández-de-las-PeñasPT, PhDeFranciscoAlburquerque-SendínPT, PhDf

 

'물리치료 공부' 카테고리의 다른 글

5. Impingement Syndrome의 치료  (0) 2022.01.08
Impingement Syndrome의 정의  (0) 2022.01.02
Core exercise (bracing)  (0) 2020.10.18
Core  (0) 2020.10.18
척추전방전위증(Spondylolisthesis)  (0) 2020.10.04

현대사회에서 팔이 아프다고하면 굽은어깨와 어깨충돌증후군을 많이들 이야기한다. 이 어깨충돌증후군은 팔을 올릴때 견갑골의 견봉과 상완골의 대결절부의 마찰이 발생하여 염증이 유발되는 병적인 상태를 어깨의 충돌증후군이라 한다. 이러한 마찰은 견봉과 대결절부 사이에 위치하는 회전근개 힘줄(극상건, 극하건의 일부), 견봉하 점액낭 등에 염증 및 손상을 초래하며 이는 어깨의 통증 및 불안정성을 야기한다. 이러한 염증은 중년에게는 흔한 어깨 통증의 원인 중 하나이다.

충돌 증후군 대표증상은 통증이다. 삼각근 부위가 아프며, 경우에 따라 상완부가 아프기도 한다. 심하지 않은 경우에는 특정한 자세나 과격한 움직임에서 통증이 유발되지만 심해지면 지속적인 통증이 발생하기도 한다. 특히 팔을 전방 거상 할 때나 외전할 때 통증이 흔히 발생하며 60도에서 120도 까지 거상 시 통증이 나타나고 120도 이상 거상 시 통증이 줄어드는 동통 궁 증후군 현상이 나타나기도 한다. 또한 야간통으로 표현되는 바와 같이 밤에 누워 자려고 하면 통증이 심해져서 잠을 못 이룰 정도록 심해지기도 하여 수면장애를 일으키기도 한다. 간혹 견봉하 조직들의 충동에 따른 염발음이 나타나기도 한다. 특정한 움직임에서 소리가 나는 것은 환자가 인식하기도 하며 심한 경우 외부에서 들릴 정도로 크게 나기도 한다.

 

Reference

서울대학교병원 의학정보, 서울대학교병원

 

shoulder impingement syndrome: symptoms, cause, diagnosis & treatmet

'물리치료 공부' 카테고리의 다른 글

5. Impingement Syndrome의 치료  (0) 2022.01.08
4. Impingement Syndrome의 이학적 검사  (0) 2022.01.06
Core exercise (bracing)  (0) 2020.10.18
Core  (0) 2020.10.18
척추전방전위증(Spondylolisthesis)  (0) 2020.10.04

이번에는 코어 운동에 대해서 게시하겠습니다.

 

Core exercise

 

Breathing

 

-breathing has on core stability and chronic neck and shoulder pain

 

-current literature suggests that the diaphragm, transversus abdominis, multifidius and pelvic floor work in unison to create the ideal intra-abodminal pressure for spinal stabilization

 

-these “inner core” muscles fire in an anticipatory manner milliseconds before the prime movers in an effort to stabilize the spine at the segmental level

 

High low breathing

 

-Ideally, the hand on the belly should rise before the hand on the chest.

-The hand on the chest should move slightly forward (not toward the chin)

-If it moves significantly more than the hand on the abdomen, there is a suggestion of dysfunctional breathing

 

 

 

 

 

Breathing exercise

 

 

Diaphragm test(lateral expansion)

Both the fingers and thumbs should be moving apart form each other, ideally 1.5-2 inches apart

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bracing maneuver

-This is the practice of activating muscles surrounding the trunk in order to protect the spine, safely transfer power between upper and lower body, and stand ground against contact.

-Breathe in and out. Gently and slowly push out your waist without drawing your abdomen inward or moving your back or pelvis.

 

 

 

As multifidii contract, it pushes into the thoracolumbar fascia and along with contraction of the transversus abdominis, provides intersegmental stability.

 

 

a) The relaxed multifidi muscle in transverse section; b) Co-contraction of the transversus abdominis and multifidi creates a stiffening tension on the thoracolumbar fascia thereby providing intersegmental stability.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bracing exersise

This is the practice of activating muscles surrounding the trunk in order to protect the spine, safely transfer power between upper and lower body, and stand ground against contact.

 

 

bracing + moment arm (UE>LE) >> theraband >> change of posture

 

 

 

 

 

supine bracing

1. Supine Core Bracing

2. Supine Core Bracing with Arms Extended Toward Floor

3. Supine Core Bracing with One Leg Up (hold 10-15 seconds each side)

4. Supine Core Bracing with One Leg Up and Arms Extended Toward Floor

5. Band Resisted Supine Core Bracing

6. Partner Resisted Supine Core Bracing

 

 

 

 

DEAD BUG (+ bracing)

1. Dead Bug

2. Dead Bug with Arms Extended Toward Floor

3. Dead Bug with One Leg Toward Floor

4. Dead Bug with Opposite Arm and Leg Toward Floor

5. Band Resisted Dead Bug

6. Partner Resisted Dead Bug

 

 

 

 

SIDE PLANK

 

 

 

 

PALLOF PRESS

 

 

 

 

SUPER HERO and HALF-AIRPLANE (from hands and knees or stability ball)

 

 

 

Caution during breathing

 

Co-activation of the multifidus

Common substitution patterns or faults

asymmetry of contraction

breath-holding

bracing and increasing intra-abdominal pressure with overactivation of the abdominal muscles

results in movement of the trunk or pelvis out of a neutral position, and into spinal flexion or posterior tilt.

 

 

 

 

Reference

 

co-activation of muscle in spinal column craig 2004

 

kibler et al. sports med 2003

 

Mcgill. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001

 

Paul Hodge. Intervertebral Stiffness of the Spine Is Increased byEvoked Contraction of Transversus Abdominis and theDiaphragm:In VivoPorcine Studies

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Paul W. Hodges. 1.5 Low Back Pain and the Pelvic Floor

 

Jessica Reale, PT Yoga Anatomy: 6 Reasons Why the Diaphragm May Be the Coolest Muscle in the Body

 

faries&greenwood. streng & condit j 2007

 

C. Frank, A. Kobesová, P. Kolář Published 2013 Medicine International journal of sports physical therapy Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization & sports rehabilitation.

 

Sapsford RR, Hodges PW, Richardson CA, Cooper DH, Markwell SJ, Jull GA. Co-activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during voluntary exercises. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20(1):31-42. doi: 10.1002/1520-6777(2001)20:1<31::aid-nau5>3.0.co;2-p. PMID: 11135380.

 

Arnold Fomo on Aug 23, 2018 Trigger Point Therapy - Understanding and Treating Multifidus

 

McGill, PhD J Can Chiropr Assoc 1999 (Jun); 43 (2): 7588 ~ FULL TEXT Stability: from biomechanical concept to chiropractic practice

 

Leon Turetsky (NASM-CPT, NASM-CES), Last Updated: March 5, 2020 Abdominal Bracing VS Drawing In For Core Exercises

 

Kristen Gostomski, B.S. Sports & Health Science, HSSCS, INHC Best and Worst Core Exercises for Athletes

 

https://youthsportstrainer.com/

 

https://www.muscleandmotion.com/abdominal-bracing/

 

https://youthsportstrainer.com/best-and-worst-core-exercises-for-athletes/

 

Core

 

 

Abdominals in the front, paraspinals and gluteals in the back, the diaphragm as the roof, and the pelvic floor and hip girdle musculature as the bottom

 

The core is particularly important in sports because it provides "proximal stability for distal mobility".

* Provide mechanical stability of spine

 

* Increase functional mobility (N-M control)

 

* Decrease pain

 

Spinal stability

 

spinal stability is a prerequisite element that enables movement of the limbs by maintaining the spine upright in postural changes

 

 

 

 

 

 

Innor core TRA, Diaphragm, Pelvic floor musculature, MF

 

TRA

 

The transversus abdominis has large attachments to the middle and posterior layers of the thoracolumbar fascia

 

Thoraco-lumbar fascia, provides a connection between the lower limb and the upper limb

 

Thoraco-lumbar fascia also functions as a proprioceptor, providing feedback about trunk positioning

 

Creating a belt around the abdomen. “hollowing in” of the abdomen creates isolated activation of the transversus abdominis

The transversus abdominis and multifidius habe been shown to contract 30ms before movement of the U/E and 110ms before movement of the L/E in healthy people

 

Theoretically to stabilize the lumbar spine

 

Delayed activation of transversus abdominis in patients with low back pain may be more related to the lack of trunk rotation used in the arm raise by these subjects

 

Re-establishes a normal asymmetrical transversus abdominis action during rotation tasks within a complex muscle synergy rather than correcting a single dysfunctional muscle.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Paul Hodge 실험

Electrical stimulation of the diaphragm increased IAP without abdominal or paraspincal activity

 

IAP produces an extensor moment.

 

IAP may influence intervertebral stiffness directly by tensioning the spine or indirectly by increasing the hoop tension in the abdominal muscles and their fascias.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diaphragm

Contraction of the diaphragm increases intra-abdominal pressure, thus adding to spinal stability.

 

Abnormal position and recruitment of the diaphragm resulted in subsequent reduced intra-abdominal pressure conducive to low back pain

 

 

 

 

 

Pelvic floor musculature

Pelvic floor musculature is co-activated with transversus avdominis contraction

 

people with sacroiliac pain have impaired recruitment of the diaphragm and pelvic floor.

Abdominal muscle activity is a normal response th PF exercise in subjects with no symptoms of PF muscle dysfunction and provide preliminary evidence that specific abdominal exercises activate the PF muscles

 

in healthy subjects, voluntary activity in the abdominal muscles results in increased pelvic floor muscle activity

 

The increase in pelvic floor pressure before the increase in the abdomen pressure indicates that this response is preprogrammed

The diaphragm, pelvic floor and transversus abdominis regulate IAP and provide anterior lumbo-pelvic postural stability.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Multifidus

Multifidus attachment to the spinous process, the multifidus has a longer lever arm for producing extension than do the erector spinea muscles that attach to the transverse process

 

The most important action of the multifidus is controlling the flexion and anterior shear of the spine during forward bending via its eccentric contraction

 

 

 

 

 

 

Reference

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

co-activation of muscle in spinal column craig 2004

 

kibler et al. sports med 2003

 

Mcgill. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2001

 

Paul Hodge. Intervertebral Stiffness of the Spine Is Increased byEvoked Contraction of Transversus Abdominis and theDiaphragm:In VivoPorcine Studies

 

Paul W. Hodges. 1.5 Low Back Pain and the Pelvic Floor

 

Jessica Reale, PT Yoga Anatomy: 6 Reasons Why the Diaphragm May Be the Coolest Muscle in the Body

 

faries&greenwood. streng & condit j 2007

 

C. Frank, A. Kobesová, P. Kolář Published 2013 Medicine International journal of sports physical therapy Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization & sports rehabilitation.

 

Sapsford RR, Hodges PW, Richardson CA, Cooper DH, Markwell SJ, Jull GA. Co-activation of the abdominal and pelvic floor muscles during voluntary exercises. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20(1):31-42. doi: 10.1002/1520-6777(2001)20:1<31::aid-nau5>3.0.co;2-p. PMID: 11135380.

 

Arnold Fomo on Aug 23, 2018 Trigger Point Therapy - Understanding and Treating Multifidus

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

McGill, PhD J Can Chiropr Assoc 1999 (Jun); 43 (2): 7588 ~ FULL TEXT Stability: from biomechanical concept to chiropractic practice

척추 전방 전위증(Spondylolisthesis)은 spondylous척추)olissthesis (미끄러짐)라는 2개의 그리스 단어로부터 파생된 단어가 합성되어 만들어진 용어로 척추가 미끄러져 나간다는 의미입니다. 즉 척추 전방 전위증은 척추뼈 몸통이 해부학적으로 앞쪽으로 미끄러져 나가 변위 된 것을 말합니다. 척추가 뒤쪽으로 전위되는 경우도 아주 가끔 있는데 이는 후방 척추 전위증(retrospondylolisthesis)라고(retrospondylolisthesis) 합니다.

Spondylolisthesis는 위 척추뼈가 아래 척추뼈보다 배 쪽으로 밀려나가면서 허리 통증과 다리와 발의 저림을 일으키는 질환으로 심할 경우 통증을 넘어서 신경학적 증상이 나타나 엉덩이나 하지의 마비를 일으키기도 합니다. 척추 전방 전위증은 주로 하부 요추(S1~L5. L5~L4)에서 가장 많이 발생하며 협부의 결손, 추간판과 후관절의 퇴행성 변화, 인대 이완 등의 요인으로 척추의 정상 만곡을 저해하는 대표적 질환 중의 하나입니다.

척추 전방 전위증의은 밝혀내지 못해 불분명한 상태이나 다소 가족력의 소견이 있고 선천적인 척추의 결함, 반복적인 외상, 피로골절과 같은 변화 및 퇴행성 변화로 인해 많이 발생하며 특히나 척추 분리증이 있었던 환자는 척추 전방 전위증으로 발전할 가능성이 높습니다.

척추 전방 전위증은 연령이 증가함에 따라 이차적인 퇴행성 변화를 일으키기도 하고 성인에서는 척추 분절의 퇴행성 관절염에 의한 불안정성을 초래하여 발생하기도 합니다.

임상양상은 대부분 척추분리증과 유사하다. 다만 척추전방전위증에서는 분리된 척추뼈가 전위되면서 신경구멍을 좁아지게 해 압박된 신경에 의한 통증이 더 자주 나타난다고 한다.. 소아에서는 통증을 포함한 이상소견은 거의 없으며 오히려 넙다리 뒤 근육의 긴장으로 인해서 자세나 걸음의 이상을 보이는 경우가 많다고 합니다. 성인의 경우 이 질병의 가장 흔한 증상은 허리 통증과 다리 통증이며 주로 만성적인 경향을 보인다. 이러한 임상증상은 심한 일이나 운동으로 유발되거나 더욱 악화되며 휴식할 경우 대개 증상이 소실되는 특징을 가지고 있으며 자세와 연관되어있는 경우가 많은데 엉덩이나 다리의 관련 통이 동반될 수 있습니다. 이러한 임상증상의 유발요인은 관절간의 결함 등으로 인한 불안정성으로 신경근 자극 및 압박, 추간판 등의 퇴행성 변화에 기인한다고 합니다.

기타 임상특징으로 남녀 발생비율은 비슷하며 전체 인구의 약 5%에서 5% 발견됩니다.

또한 위에서 언급한 것과 같이 하부 요추에서 많이 발생하는데 통증의 형태는 압박받는 신경뿌리나 신경에 따라 달라집니다.

L5~S1 사이 척추전방전위증의 경우 L5 신경뿌리를 압박하고 증상은 넙다리 뒤쪽과 종아리, 발등에 통증이나 저림현상이 나타나고 엄지발가락 폄근력 약화가 나타납니다.

L4~L5 사이 척추전방전위증의 경우 L4 신경뿌리를 압박하고 넙다리 앞쪽과 무릎 주위 그리고 종아리 안쪽에 통증 또는 저림 현상이 나타납니다.

 

분류법

척추전방전위증을 WiltseRothman는 선천형, 협부형, 퇴행형, 외상형, 병적형, 수술 후 형의 6가지 분류법으로 나누어 제시하였고 이 분류법이 가장 널리 사용되고 있으며, 이 중 임상적으로 가장 흔한 것은 협부형과 퇴행형이다.

 

등급

 

척추전방전위증 진단은 보통 대부분 방사선 영상검사를 통해서 이루어진다. 전위의 정도는 방사선 영상에서 확인할 수 있으며 메이어딩등급(Meyerding grade)을 많이 사용합니다.

전위 정도의 측정에 있어 메이어딩은 척추의 옆면 방사선 영상에서 제1 엉치뼈 몸통의 위모 서리를 44 등분하여 제5 허리뼈의 앞쪽 전위 정도에 따라 등급을 나눈다.

1° (grade 1) : 0~25%

2° (grade 2) : 25~50%

3° (grade 3) : 50~75%

4° (grade 4) : 75% 이상 이상

이때 보존적 치료는 1~2등급1~2 까지고려하며 이이상은 수술을 생각해봅니다.

 

 

 

수술과 보존적 치료

 

치료는 크게 보존적 치료와 수술적 치료로 나누는데 대부분의 경우 Meyerding 분류에 따른 grade 1~2 및 퇴행형에서는 보존적 치료를 시행합니다.

 

보존적 치료는 침상 안정, 투약, 물리치료 및 보조기 착용 등을 병용할 수 있습니다. 수술적 치료는 grade 3 이상의 경우, 6개월 이상 보존적 요법으로 치료해도 증상의 호전이 없는 경우,, 방사선 영상에서 전위 정도가 계속 진행된 경우, 계속적인 방사통이 있는 경우, 일상생활을 할 수 없을 정도로 심한 통증이 계속되는 경우, 소변이나 대변과 같은 장기능이 저하된 경우, 통증으로 인해 30분 이상 서 있을 수 없는 경우, 20분 이상 또는 200m 이상 걸으면 심한 통증과 다리 마비가 동반되는 경우에 적용합니다.

 

수술적 요법은 크게 척추 유합술과 감압술을 합니다. 하지만 Rombold는 척추 전방 전위증 환자의 22% 정도만 수술이 필요하다고 하였고, 통상적으로 증상이 있는 척추 전방 전위증 환자의 10~15%만 수술적 치료가 필요하다고 합니다. 특히 Meyerding gradinggrade 1~2의 환자는 수술을 요하는 경우가 많지 않으며, 전위가 적은 환자의 수술 결과는 grade 3~4인 환자의 수술 만족도에 비해 낮으며, 보존적 치료를 한 집단과 크게 다르지 않다는 보고가 있습니다.

 

신경학적 소견이 있는 경우는 수술적 치료를 고려해볼 수 있습니다. 하지만 신경학적 소견이 없고 전위가 적은 경우 대부분 보존적 치료를 추천합니다. 특히 유합술의 부작용으로 인접 분절의 퇴행이 발생할 수 있고 유합을 시행한 부위의 운동성이 적어지며 아래와 위쪽의 척추 분절이 더 큰 압박과 움직임을 받게 되어 수핵의 탈출과 퇴행성 반응이 진행될 수 있습니다.. Imagama의 연구에 따르면 1,012건의 수술을 5년 동안 추적 관찰한 결과에 따르면 5년 이내의 인접분절 퇴행이 발생할 확률은 20~35%이었으며 또한 Ishihara의 연구에서는 10년 이내 인접분절의 퇴행은 50~100%로 나타났습니다.

 

이러한 문제로 최근 수술적 치료보다 보존적 치료가 대두되고 있으며 박혜성의 연구에서 허리뼈 주변 근육은 허리뼈의 지지 및 안정에 큰 역할을 하는 근육으로, 허리뼈의 불안정성과 강력한 연관성이 있다고 하였으며 척추 전방 전위증과 주변 근육과의 연관성을 연구한 결과 척추 전방 전위증의 전위 정도가 클수록 다열근의 단면적이 유의하게 작았다고 하였습니다. 위에서 언급한 악화 요인인 불안정성을 치료하기 위해 다열근을 비롯한 코어 운동치료로 안정성을 높여주는 근육들의 기능을 향상해 안정성을 높이는 치료가 중요할 것으로 생각됩니다.

즉 메이어딩 등급 1~2의 환자(전위가 적은 환자)와 신경학적 증상이 없는 환자의 경우는 보전적 치료를 통해 통증을 조절하고 나아가 척추의 불안정성을 감소시키는 치료가 좋습니다.

 

Reference

 

[네이버 지식백과] 척추전방전위증 [脊椎前方傳位症, Spondylolisthesis] (자생한방병원 한방 의학정보))

 

이한솔, 박진영, and. "척추 전방 전위증 환자에 대한 공간 척추 도인 안 교법을 포함한 한방치료 치험 3예3 예." 한방재활의학과학회지 30.1 (2020): 125-135.

 

박혜성 ( Hye Sung Park ), 김제인 ( Je In Kim ), 김고운 ( Koh Woon Kim ), 조재흥 ( Jae Heung Cho ), and송미연 ( Mi Yeon Song ). "원저 : 요추 주변 근육 단면적과 척추 전방 전위증의 상관성에 대한 후향적 연구." 한방재활의학과학회지 26.1 (2016): 95-102.

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

Phase4 (12~16weeks)

Goal

Exercise

complete tendon healing mature repaired rotator cuff tissue

 

advanced strengthening

 

maximum tensile endurance

 

 

1. OKC strengthening

* standing ER - infraspinatus & teres minor

- standing AB90,ER - supraspinatus(at least after 16wks)

- scaption(at least after 16wks), (at least after 24wks: large & massive tear)

- Emphasize eccentric exercise

 

2. scapulo-thoracic exe

* standing punch plus( SA activation):90~120° (after 16wks)

- puch-up plus (wall ->table ->floor)

 

3. proprioception

* rhythmic stabilization exe- F90°("statue of liberty position"), ABER position

4. plyometric exe

overhead motion : throw against a wall, rebounder, weighted ball

Remodeling repair tissue does not reach maximal tensile strength for a minimum of 12~16 weeks post repair

returned to maximal failure loads after only 26weeks of healing

Plyometric exe: only large & massive tear(at least 24weeks)

Postperative months 3~6

* No heavy overhead lifting and no acceleration of arm in sport.

* For massive tears and revision repairs, delay strengthening until 4 months postoperatively

 

Remodeling repair tissue does not reach maximal tensile strenght for a minimum of 12~16 weeks post repair.

 

 

 

Progressive post cuff strengthening

Progressive strengthening of the posterior cuff

* performing external rotation of the shoulder at 30~45° degrees of abduction utilizing elastic resistance

high levels of infraspinatus and teres minor activation at 90° of abduction

* performing external rotation exercise, supraspinatus muscle activity is optimally generated

 

abduction

* performing external rotation exercise, supraspinatus muscle activity is optimally generated

 

 

Progressive OKC exe

Progressive CKC

Additionally, the push-up with a plus progresstion is a more advanced exercise that strengthens the serratus anterior muscle

Reference

Myers, Joseph B. shoulder muscle reflex latencies under various levels of muscle contraction. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 407:92-101, February 2003.

 

Musculoskeletal evidence based treatment

 

Frederick A. Matsen, III, Caroline Chebli and Steven Lippitt. Principles for the Evaluation and Management of Shoulder Instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:647-659.

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

Philip Mcclure, Lori A. Michener. Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo. Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2001

 

Parsons IM1, Apreleva M, Fu FH, Woo SL. The effect of rotator cuff tears on reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Res. 2002 May;20(3):439-46.

 

Young Jin Jo1, Young Kyun Kim. Consideration of Shoulder Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Exercise for Overhead Sports Population. Asian J Kinesiol 2019; 21(2): 40-50 · DOI: https://doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2019.21.2.40

Ofer Levy, Hannan Mullett, The role of anterior deltoid reeducation in patients with massive irreparable degenerative rotator cuff tears. Medicine Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery2005 DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2008.04.005

https://www.hep2go.com/index_b.php?userRef=120148

Olivier A. van der Meijden, MD1. Rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Current concepts review and evidence-based guidelines. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · April 2012

 

Phase3 (8~12weeks)

Goal

Exercise

Minimal tensile strength in cuff repair (complete tendon to bone healing)

 

PROM, AROM

 

Periscapular OKC exe

 

CKC stability exe

 

1. isometric strength exe

2. dynamic hug(SA activeation)

* elbow FL45° ,shoulder AB 60°, IR45°

3. Band standing & prone row: Trapezius & Rhomboid(scapular stabilizer)

4. Biceps & triceps

* elastic band or without resistance

5. CKC(60~90°): weight shift- one hand support

*CKC stability exe : improved neuromuscular control & static stability

Remodeling repair tissue does not reach maximal tensile strength for a minimum of 12~16 weeks post repair

* Dynamic activity(after 10wks)

* AROM activity

* Avoid ER/IR band exe(only large & massive tear: at least 16wks)

 

Isotonic periscapular & CKC exercise

+ Recent posts