요즘 어깨 통증으로 오시는 분들중에 이 증후군이 있으신 분들이 많습니다. 어깨 문제로는 흔히 라운드 숄더다 오십견이다.거북목이다. 회전근개 문제다.~ 이런말이 많지만 이러한 문제를 가지고 계신분들을 임상에서 보게 되면 견갑상신경이 포착되어있는 경우가 많습니다.  신경은 신체에서 아주 중요한 요소로 신경과 혈액순환이 원활하지 않으면 그 부분은 뭉치고 퍽퍽해지고 허혈이되어 힘이 떨어지고 통증을 유발합니다. ㅠㅠ 자 상세히 알아봅시다~!

 

견갑상신경 경추56번 신경에서 분지되어 견갑상절흔을 통과하여 상견갑와로 들어가며 이후에는 극관절와 인대를 통과하여 아래로 주행, 극상근과 극하근을 지배하며, 어깨관절과 인대의 전체적인 감각에도 관여하는 신경입니다. 이 신경이

압박되면 어깨통증과 극상근 극하근 근력저하가 나타납니다.

 

원인

외상과 반복적으로 어깨를 부딪히는 운동이나  팔을 내전, 내회전을 많이하는 운동이 원인이 될 수 있으며

넘어지거나, 무거운 가방을 메고 다니는 경우 또한 위에서 말한라운드숄더 체형(견갑골이 앞으로 말린 경우)

선천적으로 견갑상절흔이 좁은 경우 이러한 증상이 나타날 수 있습니다.

 

증상

어깨 통증이 있으며 전체적으로 시큰하며 어깨 뒤편에 깊은통증을 느낍니다.

외전 외회전 동작에서 힘이 떨어지며 근력약화가 장기간 지속되면 회전근개인 극상근 극하근이 위축될 수 있습니다.

 

1) pectoralis minor strech

 

It may indicate that humeral elevation and external rotation to 90 are important components of pectoralis minor stretching

 

performed bilaterally streching, which may be more effective prevent trunk rotation toward the side of the stretch, because of this mechanical block

 

 

2) posterior capsule stretch (sleeper strech)

 

3) Latissimus dorsi strech

 

4) Thoracic mobility exercise

 

# Effect of posture on pain and ROM

Thoracic kyphosis may not be an important contributor to the devepopment of shoulder pain. While there is evidence that reducing thoracic kyphosis facilitates greater shoudler ROM

 

5) Shoulder muscle exercise

Conservative, Post OP treatment

large to massive tear, delay postop treatment

Impingement, early postop strengthening

 

 

6) Deltoid, Pectoralis, and Latissimus dorsi in large and massive RC tear

in mRCT, The PM and LD muscles are effective in improving glenohumeral kinematics and reducing acromiohumeral pressures

Increased activation of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is an attempt to compensate for the deficient rotator cuff

Humeral head deprssor exercises (pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi)

Deltoid rehabilitation program is suitable for elderly patients with massive rotator cuff tears

7) OKC strengthening exercise

8)  more effect isolates position of supra from deltoid

30 of abduction, mild ER, and 30 of flexion

9) posterior capsular stretch VS capsular stretch + mobilization

 

 

Combination of the cross-arm stretch plus joint mobilization may be an even more effective method for treatment of posterior shoudler tightness.

 

10) Posterior mobilization

 

11) Effective position in inferior mobilization

 

Maximal inferior translation with minimal force was found when a grade 3 mobilization was performed in the OPP

 
 

12) Mobilization with movement (MWM)

▷ Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

 

Reference

 

The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure

 

L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.

 

Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion

 

Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men

 

Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.

 

 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises

 

P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.

 

 

Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307

 

Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss

 

Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder

 

The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK

 

Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author links open overlay panelJosé A.Delgado-GilPTaEvaPrado-RoblesOTbDaiana P.Rodrigues-de-SouzaPT, MsCcJoshua A.ClelandPT, PhDdCésarFernández-de-las-PeñasPT, PhDeFranciscoAlburquerque-SendínPT, PhDf

 

 

 

 

 

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1) ROM test

2) Pain area

Motion pain was significantly more common than was rest pain or night pain

Anterior & lateral area

suff tendinitis (P < .0119)

shoudlers with torn rotator cuffs ( P < .0183)

 

3) NIP(negative intra-articular pressure)

Important role in limiting ingerior translation

(when muscle and ligament are relax)

>However, negative intra-articular pressuer is not a major contributor to shoudler stability during weight-bearing

4) Alignment

Humeral head relative to acromion - no more than 1/3 of humeral head anterior to anterolateral corner of acromion

Resting position of glenohumeral joint - 0 flexion or extension

 

 

5) Latissmus dorsi tightness test

6) Painful arc 

7) Provocation test

Neer test

Hawkins kennedy test

Yergason test

Empty can test

 

8) Postural dysfunction

 

setting of a subject for measuring shoulder range of motion with a controller lightly touching the subject's sternum during (a) erect, (b) comfortable slouched, and (c) maximum slouched postures.

Increased kyphosis , scapular internal rotation

Decreased shoulder flexion, abduction, external rotation

9) Forward neck posture

10) Posterior capsular tightness (GIRD)

 

 

Side to side differences > 20

Total rotation motion deficit > 5

 

Reference

 

The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure

 

L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.

 

Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion

 

Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men

 

Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.

 

 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises

 

P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.

 

 

Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307

 

Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss

 

Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder

 

The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK

 

Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Author links open overlay panelJosé A.Delgado-GilPTaEvaPrado-RoblesOTbDaiana P.Rodrigues-de-SouzaPT, MsCcJoshua A.ClelandPT, PhDdCésarFernández-de-las-PeñasPT, PhDeFranciscoAlburquerque-SendínPT, PhDf

 

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1) Factor of internal impingement

Anterior capsular laxity

Posterior capsular tightness

Scapular dyskinesis

Hyperangulation & hyperexternal rotation

 

=> but internal impingement is a normal physiological phenomenon

 

2) Factors of SAIS(subacromial impingement syndrom)

Intrinsic mechanics

overuse

tension overload

trauma of the tendons

 

Extrinsic mechanisc

dysfunctional rotator cuff musculature

weak or dysfunctional scapular musculature

posterior gleno-humeral capsule tightness

postural dysfunctions of the spinal column

 

SASI may lead th a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff tendons & tendinopathy

 

3) Extrinsic acromial length

Acromial index (ratio), positive correlation in impingement and RCT

>Greater in East Asian than North American

 

4) Dysfunction of rotator cuff

Supraspinatus weakness

Fatigue of the infraspinatus and teres minor

less scapular posterior tilit (scapular retraction)

 

During the 30 to 90

Subcaupualris & infraspinatus was the only muscles with decreased activity

5) Role of subscapularis

Subscapularis is the “hidden culprit” of the rotator cuff

Fibrosis or scarring of the subcaupularis

Primary restrict passive external rotation at AB 90 and 0, limiting ER in the adducted position.

 

6) Weakness & dysfunction trapezius

Excessive upper trapezius activation

between 40 to 100

increased anterior tilt scapulo-thoracic joint

 

Lack of activity in the middle & lower trapezius & serratus anteror

 

7) abnormal posture

Forward postuer

Abduction and elevation of the scapula

Appear winging scaupular and medial rotationof humerus

Increase thoracic khyposis angle

Relatively more elevation, protraction, anterior tilt and a downwardly rotated posture

 

Cause

Tightness of pectoralis minor, biceps short head, levator scapular, upper trapezius

Weakness of middle, lower trapezius, serratus anterior

Leading th subacromial impingement syndrome

8) Role of latissimus dorsi

Teres major and latissimus dorsi can also provide humeral depression forces secondary to their anatomical alignment.

Tight latissimus dorsi

cause of chronic shoudler pain

 

tendinous fascia connecting the latissimus dorsi th the thoracic and lumbar spine.

 

9) Functionally tightened muscles

Pectoralis minor & biceps short head

Levator scapulae & upper trapezius

Latissimus dorsi & subscapularis

Superficial cervical flexor muscles

 

10) Inhibited or weakened functionally

Rhombiodeus & mid and lower trapezius & serratus anterior

Teres minor & infraspinatus & posterior deltoid

Deep flexor cervical muscles

Especially, lower stabilizers of the scapula (serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius)

 

 

 

Reference

 

The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

 

lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure

 

L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.

 

Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion

 

Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men

 

Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.

 

 

Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises

 

P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.

 

 

Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307

 

Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss

 

Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder

 

The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK

 

 

1) Subacromial impinegment (External impingement)

 

Exccssive superior translations with rotator cuff weakness during arm elevation

Bursitis sid

Severe pain

 

2) Internal impingement

 

At ABER position(90-90 position)

Intra- articular impingemetn

Posterio-superior rotator cuff contacts the postero-superior glenoid labrum and pinched between the labrum and GT

Articular side layer is more vulnerable to a tensile load than the bursal side layer.

Especially, tear of posterior supraspinatus and anterior infraspinatus tendon.

Classification of patial tears

FTRCT (full thickness rotator cuff tear)

Rotator cuff full thickness tear(supraspinatus complete tear)

Concomitant infraspinatus tear 40%

Concomitant subscapularis tear 30~70%

 

Reference

 

CBD Wellness Centre Feb 1, 2019

Difference between Rotator Cuff Tear and Sub Acromial Impingement Syndrome

 

Arthroscopic classification of partialthickness rotator cuff tears according to Ellman [32 Last Updated on Wed, 16 Dec 2020 | Rotator Cuff

 

Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment

 

 

현대사회에서 팔이 아프다고하면 굽은어깨와 어깨충돌증후군을 많이들 이야기한다. 이 어깨충돌증후군은 팔을 올릴때 견갑골의 견봉과 상완골의 대결절부의 마찰이 발생하여 염증이 유발되는 병적인 상태를 어깨의 충돌증후군이라 한다. 이러한 마찰은 견봉과 대결절부 사이에 위치하는 회전근개 힘줄(극상건, 극하건의 일부), 견봉하 점액낭 등에 염증 및 손상을 초래하며 이는 어깨의 통증 및 불안정성을 야기한다. 이러한 염증은 중년에게는 흔한 어깨 통증의 원인 중 하나이다.

충돌 증후군 대표증상은 통증이다. 삼각근 부위가 아프며, 경우에 따라 상완부가 아프기도 한다. 심하지 않은 경우에는 특정한 자세나 과격한 움직임에서 통증이 유발되지만 심해지면 지속적인 통증이 발생하기도 한다. 특히 팔을 전방 거상 할 때나 외전할 때 통증이 흔히 발생하며 60도에서 120도 까지 거상 시 통증이 나타나고 120도 이상 거상 시 통증이 줄어드는 동통 궁 증후군 현상이 나타나기도 한다. 또한 야간통으로 표현되는 바와 같이 밤에 누워 자려고 하면 통증이 심해져서 잠을 못 이룰 정도록 심해지기도 하여 수면장애를 일으키기도 한다. 간혹 견봉하 조직들의 충동에 따른 염발음이 나타나기도 한다. 특정한 움직임에서 소리가 나는 것은 환자가 인식하기도 하며 심한 경우 외부에서 들릴 정도로 크게 나기도 한다.

 

Reference

서울대학교병원 의학정보, 서울대학교병원

 

shoulder impingement syndrome: symptoms, cause, diagnosis & treatmet

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오늘은 상부 승모근에 대해서 알아보겠습니다. 

아래는 승모근 전체를 간략하게 정리한 것입니다. 

 

승모근을 간략히 알아보고 상부 승모근의 특징을 알아보겠습니다.

 

흔히 승모근으로 불리는 이 근육은 신용어로는 등세모근으로 불리며 영어로는 trapezius이다.

머리부터 목과 어깨 등 표면에 연모 양으로 덮여있는 매우 큰 근육이다.

등세모근은 아래와 같이 세부분으로 나뉜다. 이 세 부분은 각각 기시 정지 작용이 다르다.흔히 승모근으로 불리는 이 근육은 신용어로는 등세모근으로 불리며 영어로는 trapezius이며

머리부터 목과 어깨 등 표면에 연모 양으로 덮여있는 매우 큰 근육입니다.

등세모근은 아래와 같이 세 부분으로 나누는데 이 세 부분은 각각 기시 정지 작용이 다릅니다.

 

 

 

 

 

해부학의 기초인 기시, 정지, 작용은 아래와 같다.

 

상부

 -기시: 후두골, 항인대,

        C1-5 극돌기

 -정지: 쇄골 외측 1/3

 -작용: 견갑거근, 능형근과 협력하여 어깨를 움츠리는 동작(어깨뼈 올림(거상))

          어깨뼈 상방 회전.

          머리와 목의 폄과 가쪽 굽힘 그리고 반대쪽 돌림.

 

 

중부

 -기시: 항 인대 하부

        T1-T5 극돌기, 극간 인대

 -정지: 견봉

        견갑 골극의 상연

 -작용: 어깨뼈 들임

         어깨뼈 상방 회전

 

 

하부

 -기시: T6~T12 극돌기

 -정지: 견갑극근

 -작용: 어깨뼈 내림

         어깨뼈 상방 회전

 

 

이번 시간은 상부 승모근에 대해서 알아보자!

상부 승모근은 섬유의 방향이 위쪽 방향이고 견갑거근, 능형근과 협력하여 어깨를 움츠리는 동작이나 어깨뼈를 올림 하는 동작을 만든다. 또한 상부 승모근은 목과도 연결되어 있어서 머리와 목의 폄과 가쪽 굽힘 그리고 반대쪽 돌림에 작용한다.

이 상부 승모근은 어깨 뭉침의 주범이며 특히 겨울철에 말썽인데 이는 상부 승모근이 온도에 민감하기 때문이다.

추운 겨울에는 어깨를 움츠리게 되어 상부 승모근의 활성을 높이며 또 외투의 무게가 무거워져 견갑거근과 상부승모근의 활성을 높여 통증을 일으킨 수 있다.

여러 가지 활성을 높이는 경우가 있는데 습관적으로 어깨를 올리는 동작, 전화를 목에 끼고 받는 동작, 바이올린과 플루트 같은 악기 연주자세, 고개를 한쪽으로 돌리고 오래 있는 동작 등이 있다.

 

이렇게 활성이 높아지면 근육에 TP가 생길 수 있고 이는 통증을 야기할수 있다. 

승모근의 TP와 통증 범위는 다음과 같다.

상부 승모근의 TP1의 증상은 머리로 퍼지는 두통이며 관자놀이 주변으로 통증을 호소하는 경우가 많다.

신경성 두통의 원인 중 하나로 흉쇄유돌근과 같이 어지럼증을 일이 킬 수도 있다. 그래서 어지러움증 환자들은 상부 승모근과 흉쇄유돌근을 검사해주는 것이 좋다.

TP2는 그림과 같이 뒤통수 근처로 통증이 나온다.

이러한 경우 TP를 지압하거나 마사지하여 TP를 깨 주는 것이 좋을 수 있다.

Phase1 (1~4weeks)

Goal

Exercise

inflammatory, proliferative & repair phase.

Protected tendon healing

PROM

Scapular realignment

 

1. Passive Rom

2. short-arm traction(IR/ER)

3. assisted forward flextion

4. scapular depression & protraction

(minimal posterior RC acivity)

5. pendulum(infra/supra MVIC 15%)

Avoided end range stretch (first 6 weeks), active exe

Avoided pulley exe

Avoided elevation from 30 to 60° (more 2 tendon injury, subscapularis injury)

 

Phase1 (1~4weeks)

collagen deposition and growth factors increase, with a peak increase around 10 days after surgery

repair should not be exposed to the excessive forces inposed by active motion

Pressure at the end range (stretching) should be avoided for the first 6 weeks

PROM is progressed with caution

 

Started periscapular activation

- isolated scapular depression, retraction performed and has shown to exhibit minimal posterior RC cuff activity

 

Approximately 20~30° of scapular plane

- preventing decreased blood flow in the supraspinatus

- increasing the subacromial space

 

PROM & Scpaular setting

reference

Myers, Joseph B. shoulder muscle reflex latencies under various levels of muscle contraction. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 407:92-101, February 2003.

Frederick A. Matsen, III, Caroline Chebli and Steven Lippitt. Principles for the Evaluation and Management of Shoulder Instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:647-659.

Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208245Google Scholar.

Philip Mcclure, Lori A. Michener. Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo. Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2001

Parsons IM1, Apreleva M, Fu FH, Woo SL. The effect of rotator cuff tears on reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint. J Orthop Res. 2002 May;20(3):439-46.

MET

Young Jin Jo1, Young Kyun Kim. Consideration of Shoulder Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Exercise for Overhead Sports Population. Asian J Kinesiol 2019; 21(2): 40-50 · DOI: https://doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2019.21.2.40

Ofer Levy, Hannan Mullett, The role of anterior deltoid reeducation in patients with massive irreparable degenerative rotator cuff tears. Medicine Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery2005 DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2008.04.005

https://www.hep2go.com/index_b.php?userRef=120148

Olivier A. van der Meijden, MD1. Rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Current concepts review and evidence-based guidelines. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · April 2012

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