요즘 어깨 통증으로 오시는 분들중에 이 증후군이 있으신 분들이 많습니다. 어깨 문제로는 흔히 라운드 숄더다 오십견이다.거북목이다. 회전근개 문제다.~ 이런말이 많지만 이러한 문제를 가지고 계신분들을 임상에서 보게 되면 견갑상신경이 포착되어있는 경우가 많습니다. 신경은 신체에서 아주 중요한 요소로 신경과 혈액순환이 원활하지 않으면 그 부분은 뭉치고 퍽퍽해지고 허혈이되어 힘이 떨어지고 통증을 유발합니다. ㅠㅠ 자 상세히 알아봅시다~!
견갑상신경– 경추5번6번 신경에서 분지되어 견갑상절흔을 통과하여 상견갑와로 들어가며 이후에는 극관절와 인대를 통과하여 아래로 주행, 극상근과 극하근을 지배하며, 어깨관절과 인대의 전체적인 감각에도 관여하는 신경입니다. 이 신경이
압박되면 어깨통증과 극상근 극하근 근력저하가 나타납니다.
원인
외상과 반복적으로 어깨를 부딪히는 운동이나 팔을 내전, 내회전을 많이하는 운동이 원인이 될 수 있으며
넘어지거나, 무거운 가방을 메고 다니는 경우 또한 위에서 말한라운드숄더 체형(견갑골이 앞으로 말린 경우)
선천적으로 견갑상절흔이 좁은 경우 이러한 증상이 나타날 수 있습니다.
증상
어깨 통증이 있으며 전체적으로 시큰하며어깨 뒤편에 깊은통증을 느낍니다.
외전 외회전 동작에서 힘이 떨어지며 근력약화가 장기간 지속되면 회전근개인 극상근 극하근이 위축될 수 있습니다.
▷ It may indicate that humeral elevation and external rotation to 90 are important components of pectoralis minor stretching
▷ performed bilaterally streching, which may be more effective prevent trunk rotation toward the side of the stretch, because of this mechanical block
2) posterior capsule stretch (sleeper strech)
3) Latissimus dorsi strech
4) Thoracic mobility exercise
# Effect of posture on pain and ROM
Thoracic kyphosis may not be an important contributor to the devepopment of shoulder pain. While there is evidence that reducing thoracic kyphosis facilitates greater shoudler ROM
5) Shoulder muscle exercise
▷ Conservative, Post OP treatment
large to massive tear, delay postop treatment
Impingement, early postop strengthening
6) Deltoid, Pectoralis, and Latissimus dorsi in large and massive RC tear
▷ in mRCT, The PM and LD muscles are effective in improving glenohumeral kinematics and reducing acromiohumeral pressures
▷ Increased activation of the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles is an attempt to compensate for the deficient rotator cuff
▷ Humeral head deprssor exercises (pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi)
▷ Deltoid rehabilitation program is suitable for elderly patients with massive rotator cuff tears
7) OKC strengthening exercise
8) more effect isolates position of supra from deltoid
▷ 30 of abduction, mild ER, and 30 of flexion
9) posterior capsular stretch VS capsular stretch + mobilization
▷ Combination of the cross-arm stretch plus joint mobilization may be an even more effective method for treatment of posterior shoudler tightness.
10) Posterior mobilization
11) Effective position in inferior mobilization
▷ Maximal inferior translation with minimal force was found when a grade 3 mobilization was performed in the OPP
12) Mobilization with movement (MWM)
▷ Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Reference
The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY
Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment
Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208–245Google Scholar.
lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure
L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.
Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion
Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men
Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises
P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.
Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307
Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss
Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder
The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK
Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
○ Motion pain was significantly more common than was rest pain or night pain
○ Anterior & lateral area
○ suff tendinitis (P < .0119)
○ shoudlers with torn rotator cuffs ( P < .0183)
3) NIP(negative intra-articular pressure)
○ Important role in limiting ingerior translation
(when muscle and ligament are relax)
>However, negative intra-articular pressuer is not a major contributor to shoudler stability during weight-bearing
4) Alignment
Humeral head relative to acromion - no more than 1/3 of humeral head anterior to anterolateral corner of acromion
Resting position of glenohumeral joint - 0 flexion or extension
5) Latissmus dorsi tightness test
6) Painful arc
7) Provocation test
○ Neer test
○ Hawkins kennedy test
○ Yergason test
○ Empty can test
8) Postural dysfunction
○ setting of a subject for measuring shoulder range of motion with a controller lightly touching the subject's sternum during (a) erect, (b) comfortable slouched, and (c) maximum slouched postures.
Morrey BF, An KN (1990)Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208–245Google Scholar.
lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure
L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.
Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion
Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men
Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises
P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.
Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307
Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss
Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder
The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK
Effects of Mobilization With Movement on Pain and Range of Motion in Patients With Unilateral Shoulder Impingement Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
=> but internal impingement is a normal physiological phenomenon
2) Factors of SAIS(subacromial impingement syndrom)
○ Intrinsic mechanics
overuse
tension overload
trauma of the tendons
○ Extrinsic mechanisc
dysfunctional rotator cuff musculature
weak or dysfunctional scapular musculature
posterior gleno-humeral capsule tightness
postural dysfunctions of the spinal column
○ SASI may lead th a full-thickness tear of the rotator cuff tendons & tendinopathy
3) Extrinsic acromial length
○ Acromial index (ratio), positive correlation in impingement and RCT
>Greater in East Asian than North American
4) Dysfunction of rotator cuff
○ Supraspinatus weakness
○ Fatigue of the infraspinatus and teres minor
less scapular posterior tilit (scapular retraction)
○ During the 30 to 90
Subcaupualris & infraspinatus was the only muscles with decreased activity
5) Role of subscapularis
○ Subscapularis is the “hidden culprit” of the rotator cuff
○ Fibrosis or scarring of the subcaupularis
○ Primary restrict passive external rotation at AB 90 and 0, limiting ER in the adducted position.
6) Weakness & dysfunction trapezius
○ Excessive upper trapezius activation
between 40 to 100
increased anterior tilt scapulo-thoracic joint
○ Lack of activity in the middle & lower trapezius & serratus anteror
7) abnormal posture
○ Forward postuer
Abduction and elevation of the scapula
Appear winging scaupular and medial rotationof humerus
Increase thoracic khyposis angle
Relatively more elevation, protraction, anterior tilt and a downwardly rotated posture
○ Cause
Tightness of pectoralis minor, biceps short head, levator scapular, upper trapezius
Weakness of middle, lower trapezius, serratus anterior
Leading th subacromial impingement syndrome
8) Role of latissimus dorsi
○ Teres major and latissimus dorsi can also provide humeral depression forces secondary to their anatomical alignment.
○ Tight latissimus dorsi
cause of chronic shoudler pain
▷ tendinous fascia connecting the latissimus dorsi th the thoracic and lumbar spine.
9) Functionally tightened muscles
○ Pectoralis minor & biceps short head
○ Levator scapulae & upper trapezius
○ Latissimus dorsi & subscapularis
○ Superficial cervical flexor muscles
10) Inhibited or weakened functionally
○ Rhombiodeus & mid and lower trapezius & serratus anterior
○ Teres minor & infraspinatus & posterior deltoid
○ Deep flexor cervical muscles
○ Especially, lower stabilizers of the scapula (serratus anterior, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius)
Reference
The lat length test ELEATE SPORTS ACADEMY
Musculoskeletal Evidence based Treatment
Morrey BF, An KN (1990) Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208–245Google Scholar.
lippitt. clin orthop relat res (1993) Rotator Cuff Tears: causes of shoulder pain: Stabilizing effect of negative intraarticular pressure
L. Kessel, M. Watson Published 1 May 1977 Medicine The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume The painful arc syndrome. Clinical classification as a guide to management.
Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Ph.D. (Health Sciences), M.Appl.Sc. (Physiotherapy), B.Sc. (Physical Therapy) Published:November 04, 2013 Changes in sitting posture affect shoulder range of motion
Sally Raine, PhD, Lance T. Twomey, PhD Head and Shoulder Posture Variations in 160 Asymptomatic Women and Men
Raine S, Twomey LT. Head and shoulder posture variations in 160 asymptomatic women and men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1997;78:1215-23.
Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy Published Online:July 1, 2004 Electromyographic Analysis of the Rotator Cuff and Deltoid Musculature During Common Shoulder External Rotation Exercises
P. Chalmers, G. Cvetanovich, +5 authors G. Nicholson Published 1 February 2016 Medicine Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. The champagne toast position isolates the supraspinatus better than the Jobe test: an electromyographic study of shoulder physical examination tests.
Andrea J Johnson 1, Joseph J Godges, Grenith J Zimmerman, Leroy L Ounanian The effect of anterior versus posterior glide joint mobilization on external rotation range of motion in patients with shoulder adhesive capsulitis DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2007.2307
Robert C. Manske, PT, DPT*, Matt Meschke, DO, Andrew Porter, DO, Barbara Smith, PhD, PT, Michael Reiman, PT, DPTFirst Published December 22, 2009 A Randomized Controlled Single-Blinded Comparison of Stretching Versus Stretching and Joint Mobilization for Posterior Shoulder Tightness Measured by Internal Rotation Motion Loss
Choo Yeonki, PT, Ph.D Dept. of Rehabilitation Therapy, Guposungshim Hospital, Manager Effects of Mobilization with Movement Combined with Exercise(EMWM) on ADH, ROM and Functional Performance in Patients with Impingement Syndrome of the Shoulder
The effect of shoulder position on inferior glenohumeral mobilization Dexter W. Witt DHS, DPT, MHS, PT, OCS, FAAOMPT *, Nancy R. Talbott PhD, MS, PT, RMSK
현대사회에서 팔이 아프다고하면 굽은어깨와 어깨충돌증후군을 많이들 이야기한다. 이 어깨충돌증후군은 팔을 올릴때 견갑골의 견봉과 상완골의 대결절부의 마찰이 발생하여 염증이 유발되는 병적인 상태를 어깨의 충돌증후군이라 한다. 이러한 마찰은 견봉과 대결절부 사이에 위치하는 회전근개 힘줄(극상건, 극하건의 일부), 견봉하 점액낭 등에 염증 및 손상을 초래하며 이는 어깨의 통증 및 불안정성을 야기한다. 이러한 염증은 중년에게는 흔한 어깨 통증의 원인 중 하나이다.
충돌 증후군 대표증상은 통증이다. 삼각근 부위가 아프며, 경우에 따라 상완부가 아프기도 한다. 심하지 않은 경우에는 특정한 자세나 과격한 움직임에서 통증이 유발되지만 심해지면 지속적인 통증이 발생하기도 한다. 특히 팔을 전방 거상 할 때나 외전할 때 통증이 흔히 발생하며 60도에서 120도 까지 거상 시 통증이 나타나고 120도 이상 거상 시 통증이 줄어드는 동통 궁 증후군 현상이 나타나기도 한다. 또한 야간통으로 표현되는 바와 같이 밤에 누워 자려고 하면 통증이 심해져서 잠을 못 이룰 정도록 심해지기도 하여 수면장애를 일으키기도 한다. 간혹 견봉하 조직들의 충동에 따른 염발음이 나타나기도 한다. 특정한 움직임에서 소리가 나는 것은 환자가 인식하기도 하며 심한 경우 외부에서 들릴 정도로 크게 나기도 한다.
⇒ Avoided end range stretch (first 6 weeks), active exe
● Avoided pulley exe
● Avoided elevation from 30 to 60° (more 2 tendon injury, subscapularis injury)
Phase1 (1~4weeks)
▣ collagen deposition and growth factors increase, with a peak increase around 10 days after surgery
▣ repair should not be exposed to the excessive forces inposed by active motion
▣ Pressure at the end range (stretching) should be avoided for the first 6 weeks
▣ PROM is progressed with caution
□ Started periscapular activation
- isolated scapular depression, retraction performed and has shown to exhibit minimal posterior RC cuff activity
□ Approximately 20~30° of scapular plane
- preventing decreased blood flow in the supraspinatus
- increasing the subacromial space
PROM & Scpaular setting
reference
Myers, Joseph B.shoulder muscle reflex latencies under various levels of muscle contraction.Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. 407:92-101, February 2003.
Frederick A. Matsen, III, Caroline Chebli and Steven Lippitt.Principles for the Evaluation and Management of Shoulder Instability.J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88:647-659.
Morrey BF, An KN (1990)Biomechanics of the shoulder. In: Rockwood CR, Matsen FA (ed) The shoulder. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 208–245Google Scholar.
Philip Mcclure, Lori A. Michener.Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo.Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2001
Parsons IM1, Apreleva M, Fu FH, Woo SL.The effect of rotator cuff tears on reaction forces at the glenohumeral joint.J Orthop Res. 2002 May;20(3):439-46.
MET
Young Jin Jo1, Young Kyun Kim.Consideration of Shoulder Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation Exercise for Overhead Sports Population.Asian J Kinesiol 2019; 21(2): 40-50 · DOI:https://doi.org/10.15758/ajk.2019.21.2.40
Ofer Levy, Hannan Mullett,The role of anterior deltoid reeducation in patients with massive irreparable degenerative rotator cuff tears.Medicine Published in Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery2005 DOI:10.1016/j.jse.2008.04.005
Olivier A. van der Meijden, MD1.Rehabilitation after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: Current concepts review and evidence-based guidelines.International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · April 2012